Piling and method of constructing the same.



No. 898,013. PATENTED SEPT. 8, 1908. P. W. SKINNER.

FILING AND METHOD OF CONSTRUGTING THE SAME.

PPLIOATION FILED AUG. 21 1905. A 3 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

No. 898,013. PATENTED SEPT. 8, 1908.

F. W. SKINNER.

,PILING AND METHOD OF CONSTRUGTING THE SAME. APPLICATION FILED AUG. 21, 1905.

a SHEETSSHEET z.

No. 898,013. PATENTED SEPT. 8, 1908. F. W. SKINNER. FILING AND METHOD OF GONSTRUGTING THE SAME.

APPLICATION FILED AUG. 21, 1905. 3 SHEETS-SHEET 3.

Witt moses W 'cxommomm I FRANK W. SKINNER, OF NEW YORK, Y.

FILING- IEETHOD OF GONSTRUGTING THE SAME.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed August 21, 1905. 7 Serial No. 275,183.

Iatented Sept. 8, 1908..

.of Constructing the Same, of which the following is a specification.

ThlS invention relates to improvements in piling and methods of constructing the same,-

and 1s particularly applicable to the case of lar e bearing piles.

t is designed to ease and ra idity an safety of driving such piles, the rivin and concreting of hollow piles, and the driving of sheet pilln and excavating of materials adjacent to t em and the lacing of concrete in required position for t e finished structure. a

This invention particularly relates to hollow or annular piles, and to the construction therewith of devices for removing the earth from the interior of the pile.

It also relates to the sectional construction of such piles in order to facilitate driving them, particularly when of large size,- and to the combination'with the sectional piles of earth removing devices, and to the adaptation of such devices to various cases, and also to devices for closing the interior of the ile after or simultaneously with the remove. of

' nal the cores and earth, as may be necessary when the piles are sunk in quick-sand, and in other cases.

' Heretofore sectional piling has-been used .only in the case of sheet iles, but I propose to use sectional piling "or' single separate bearing piles where on account of large size or other consideration it is easier or more convenient to drivethe pile in successive sections. The complete cross section may have a circular, rectangular'or any other desirable shape, and is composed of several longitudiy separated pieces either duplicates or of difierent forms, which are provided with tongue and groove, dovetail or other convenient sliding joints on one or more surfaces of each, so that as the sections are successively driven' in contact with each other they interlock and" eventually form a single'unit. This enables the finished pile to be made larger than is other wise possible, it increases the strengthabove that of a cluster of separate piles of the same dimensions of the sections,

(promote the economy,

and enables them to be driven more re idly and withlighter machine than wou dbe.

possible for very large sing e piles. 1

When the diameter of the pile becomes verylarge the displacement of earth in drivin is very great and is difficult for a solid pi ,and I provide a hollow annular or polygonal sectional pile which can be much more easily driven. A sim le sin le-piece permanent or removable hollow pi e or tube is well known in the art of pile drlving, but I introduce a new feature in using it without a closed point, as a driving lece or. core to drive a thinner outside shel which remains in position after the center driving piece is removed. This core may be provided with a ribbed or grooved and greased outer surface to facilitate its withdrawal. When the diameter of the pile becomes still larger it is difficult to drive a large hollow cylinder at one operation with ordlnary appliances, and

I make both core and outer shell with sectional annular pieces or polygonal pieces. Either or both the driving pieces. and the shell sections must be united by lock joints or either one may have radial butt joints and the other may have lock joints, which will preferably be my sprring lock 'oint for units made of plates. arious ot er forms of joints may however be used, but the spring joints for the outer shell are preferab e on account of their strength, acourac convenience, ease of driving economy an water tightness. It is obvious that by the use of 'suflicient units in the shell and center parts or driving pieces, annular or hollow piles of great diameters may be driven. Those extreme dimensions may be considered as coffer-dams, particularly when the driving-bars or cores are removed and the outer shell alone is left in' position. As the methods and princi les are exactly the same in all cases, no distinction is here made, and this process and all its features are presented as mtended for ordinary piles, for piers, and for cofier-dams. Sometimes" the hollow annular or polygonal cross section of the pile or pier Wll require only the permanent metal section'- and need not be filled solid, in which case the earth core is ne li ible, and the operation is completed wit t e driving of the piles as already described.

When it is necessary .I moving devices ,forfremoving the core of earth or other material through ,which the provide earth-re- 1.;;.i(i.:,draii*i a witho t lhowever i ning to lir'nitmy'self to OnIySIIQh-II O m Ml zRef n-in'g-to thesaid'drawm r which accom any'ft tion igu're l is across sectionof one form of sectional ile a sectional core, or driving, bar, t e sections of which are united by springjoints. Fig. 2 is a cross section of another form of sectional pile with a sectional .core formed-Iwith butt joints. Fig. 3 is a in 2( cross section of a sectional pile with laminated sectional core. Fig. 4 is a cross-sectijonof a sectional pile having a core with sec tions interlocking together with dovetails and grooves. Fig. 5 IS a cross section of a sectional ile with a skeletonized core or spacer. ig. 6 is a broken longitudinal sect on of a pile having a core provided with one form of earth-removing devices. Fig. 7 is a broken lon' 'tudinal section of a pile having a core provi ed with another form of earth removingdevices; [Fig.8 isa broken longitudinal secti'onfloffa pil'eihaving a core provided with pivoted eartmremovin fingers. Fig.9 is a broken longitudinaljsection, of .a pileand core provided with toggled earth lifting devices, 0 erated by rods. Fi .10 is a broken lon 'tu inal section of a p e and core' esp eclally adapted for driving in hard soils.

ig. 11 is a' broken longitudlnal section of a 40 pile and core provided with earth-lifting dev ces and means for closing the bottom of the pile,ithe arts bein in the position assumed when tilie-pile, isdriven, and Fig. 12 is a similar section of the same parts in the position assumed when the core is beginning to bedrawnup.p" In Fig. '1, the inner member, driving bar, or core, of the. hollow pile is formed .of sections 1 -pr'eferably'" of stiffish: sheet inetal unitedib lock joints, 2, 3, 4, which-are preferably similar to the spring-lock joints, describedand claimed in my other a plication for Letters Patent, filed in the nited- States Patent rOfiice, Aug. 3, 1905, Serial Number, 272,465; The outer shell-is also made'" in sections 8 8, w glich may be connected bybutt' joints 10, 1 or byspring-lock joints, or in any other sultablemanner, and'it will be understood. that the bottoms .of said sections 8 8 will be bent up around thefsaid core sections 1, l, substantially as indicated in Fig. 8, and at I the top the sections 8, 8, may bebolted to the sections 1", 1, by removable bolts'if desired.

I In Fig.2 the sections of the shell, or pile,

especificationto ai the de'scripyanysuitable means, as-the spring When the piles are of comparatively small 13, 13, are illustrated as connected by spring lockjoints 14, 15, 16 and the core'is formed of sections 18, 18 of a thick annulus, so as, when united, to form an annular core as shown. In thefigure the sections of the core are indicated as making'suitable butt joints with eachother, and any'suitabl'e form of easily separated joint may beused. The

sections of the shell 13 may be connected with their respective sections of core 18 by the bent up lower ends of the shell sections and removable bolts, as hereinbefore mentioned. a In Fig. 3, the shell is represented as made in sections, 21, 2'1 united the core as constructed of laminated sections,

the laminae being broken away on one side to show the tonguedand grooved locking devices of the core sections. It'will be understood the several laminae, as a, b, c, d, e, f, i will be riveted or otherwise .fastened together, and provided with tongues g', and grooves h, to connect with other sections of the cores. In Fig. 4 the shell is in sections 24, 24,- with butt joints, and the annular core -is made up of sections 26, 26' united by dovetails 27 and grooves 28, and of course it will be understood that the several sections of the shells of Figs. 3 and 4 will be removably connected to their respective core sections as hereinbefore explained.

In using the aforesaid hollow iles, a section of shell will be connected wit its section of core and driven as a unit. Then the next section of shell and corewill be interlocked with said first section and driven, and so on until the pile is complete. Then the sectionsof core will be withdrawn one by one. Should there be danger of collapse of the shell while the core is being withdrawn-the interior of the shell will be filled with a temporary filling material, such as water, before the core is withdrawn. Finally this temporaryfilling medium will be removed, and the shell filled with concrete, grout, clay or other suitable material. After withdrawing the core I may insert the temporary skeletonized spacers 30, '(Fig- 5) to ve additional tempora support to the s ells 31, the spacers usua y being, withdrawn, as the piles are. filled with the permanent filling material, or the spacers may be left permanently in the piles} v 1 20 diameters the earth in the interior of their cores may be disregarded, but when the piles are of larger diameter, i t will usually be necessary to remove the earth, preparatory to filling the piles with the (grout, concrete or other permanent filling, an whenthe pile is not of very great diameter, andin certain this figure the shell 35 has an annular core 36, 130

y butt joints and 80 v provided, near its lower edge, with an inwardly projecting triangular flange 37, and the shell is bent up at 39 to engage'the core. Such a shell andcOremay each be'in one piece, or may preferably be in sections, and my invention of the earth removing devices in annular piles covers both sectional and other piles. It will be understood that after the pile has been driven the .core 36 will 'be withdrawn, the flanges 37 raising u much of the earth as the core is lifted, an thus, by the single operation of removing the core, the pile willbe practically cleared of earth and ready for the permanent filling. It will, of course, also be understood that in case of danger of-collapse of the shell a tem orary filling of water or other material may e employed as well .asthe spacers 30, as hereinbefore explained. For piles of larger diameters or where the soil is difl erent the carrying flanges may be reinforced or-replaced by flexible upwardly projecting pieces 40, 40, Fig. 7 attached at a slight angle from the vertical to the lower end of the drivin pieces, or core 41; When driven thesaid pieces curve towards the vertical as indicated by dotted lines, offering little resistance to penetration, but when they are withdrawn from the permanent shell 42 they are immediately forced intothe position of the solid lines A A tending to engage each other at their upper ends, and forming a solid resistance against the material in the core 41 and thus liftin said material, as the core is lifted. Accor' ing to the conditions and the characterof the soil, these members 40 may of course be long enough to engage at their free ends or only project part way to the center of the pile. They may be made of several narrow strips with spaces between, or they may be made with solid sheets of metal forming flaps which entirely close the hotor core piece 45.

tom of the pile and form a regular floor for it, and they may project from .oneside onlyv or from both sides as shown. A modification of this device is shown in Fig? 8 where the movable members 44, 44 are made muc'h stiffer than above described and are free to revolve through part of a circle about pivots which secure their lower ends to the driving In this case their upper ends may be designed to engage-each other as indicated by the dotted lines, or-they may be-calculated to revolve farther and engage supports on the opposite side of the pile, or they may be held in place by extension of the lower. ends engaging fixed stops.

m In Fig. 9 an earth-removing device is shown which involves different mechanical principles. A pair of links 48, 49, are pivoted together at 50and to the driving piece or core 53, at 56. While being driven the links are shielded; bythe cutting edge flange 60 and if necessaryfby a light flexible apron 6.1. Lifting rods 63 are attached to the pins The links-48, 49 are set in the first place, a

little out ofalinement, and as soon as tension is applied to the bars 63 they begin to act as toggles with a multiplication of power. that forces them towards the position indicated by dotted lines, penetrating the earth core so as to lift it with themselves.

InFig. 10 another device is shown which is made operative by driving of the driving bar or core and is useful in very hard soil, where the earth corecan not be as satisfactorily removed b the other devices. The movable piece or ger70, has a convex bearing 71 at the upper end which engages a recess 73 in the driving piece or core 75. When the pile is driven the lower end of finger is engaged and protected by the upturned bottom portion 77 of the shell 76 which hooks over the bottom of the driving piece or core 75.

When it is desired to withdraw the earth core the said driving piece 75 is lifted a little, and when it is free of hook .7 7 the spring- 80 forces the lower end of finger 70 against the core. Driving is then resumed and the. end of finger 7O penetrates into the core obliquely and tends to assume the position indicated by dotted lines. Simultaneously the upper end of finger 70 is forced farther and farther outwards in the recess 73 and when driving ceases and. the core 75 is pulled up, finger 70 is jammed against the corner 79 of the core 75, and is thus maintained in its inclined position, and supports the earth core so that the latter is pulled up with the piece 7 5. This device'is valuable, because after the core is liftedclear of 'the ground, a tool can be inserted in recess 73 from the outside, and the finger 70 can be driven inwards until it clears the corner 79, and allows the earth core to freely drop out.

It will generally suflice to leave the lower end of the outer shell open, but in case .of uicksand or other troublesome conditions it ay be desirable to close it. To eflect this closure I provide, when necessary, an upwardly opening valve or valves as indicated in Figs. 11 and 12. The upper end of a flap 80 is hinged to the outer shell 81 and the lower end engages a hook on the'lower end of a tension piece 82. When the driving piece or core 83 is withdrawn the pieces 85, or equivalent devices, engage and withdraw the earth core as already described, and as the shoulder 87 rises, it engages the hook on the .upper end of the tension piece 82 and by pulling it revolves the valve 80 upwards and then releases it by disengaging. the piece 82. Any farther upward movement of the quicksand will cause the valve 80 to move farther 7 until it entirely closes the bottom of the flap on the oppositeside of the shell. In some cases the tension piece 82 may be omitted and the flap 80 may act automatically as a check valve. Various other devices may 5 also be used corresponding substantially to the reversed operation of those shown for ex- Qbut in circular piles they should be arranged 1'5 radially.

In order to provide a resistance against external pressure 'I provide, when necessary, a

longitudinal orifice 17 in one or more of the units of the core, through which water, grout or other suitable material may be filled into the shell as fast as the core 18 removed. I

ma of course, also make use of the centralori ce of the hollow cores, in some cases, through which to introduce the water, grout or other temporary filling, and it will be understood that when grout is used it will be displaced while still soft, and before ithas set, by the permanent filling of concrete, stone or other material. In some cases. grout as a temporary filling has advantages over 1 water, because a temporary filling of water tends .to dissolve the permanent concrete filling to some extent, while a temporary filling of grout rather improves the permanent filling of concrete. To facilitate the removal of the hollow core I make, when necessary, and to facilitate renewals, repairs etc. and for other reasons, the lower part of the core or core units detachable, or I make the pieces of a plurality of independently removable sections adapted to be removably engaged with one another and with pile sections before driving, substantially as described. v2. The combination with a sheet metal pile of a core therefor consisting of a plurality of. independently movable sections adapted to engage each other, and having interIock-.

. 'prevent relative transverse displacement,

' [substantially as described.

-M:3... The combination of'a hollow pile and the soil from .tially as described.

which engage the soil in the interior of the described my improvements 1. The coin ination with a sectional annular pile, of an annular core therefor composed ing joints on' their longer sides adapted to,

4. The combination of a hollow pile and means carried by'said pile for removing the earth, adapted to be easilydriven into the earth with the pile and to e age and remove the earth core while the p' e remains in the earth, substantially as described.

5 The combination in a'pile, of. a shell, a driving core removably connected therewith and adapted to drive the shell, and earthremoving devices carried by said'driving core and adapted to lift'the earth within said core as the latter is .raised, substantially as described.

6. The combination of a pile and movable earth-lifting devices carried thereby and adapted to enter the earth as the pile is. driven, and to be shifted and engage the earth to remove the same, substantially as described.

7. The combination 'of'a hollow'pile and pivoted earth removing devices carried thereby and adapted to enter the earth when the pile is driven and to shift and engage the cart to lift. the same, substantially as described. i

' 8. The'combination in a ile, of a shell a removable core therefor, an movable earthremoving devices carried by'said core, and adapted to enter the earth when the pile is driven and to engage and lift the earth when the said core is removed, substantially as described. p a 9. The combination in a'pile, of a shell, av removable driving core therefor, and earthremoving fingers carried by the core positioned to freely enter the. earth as the p le is driven, and to shift to a radial position and lift the earth within the said driving core when said driving core is raised, substan- 10. The combination withv a pile, of earthremoving devices, carried by said pile and means carried by said pile for operating the same, substantially as described.

11. The combination in a pile, ofa shell, a I

removable driving core therefor, earth-removingfdevices carried-by said core, and means for actuatingsaid devices, substantially as described.

12. The combination of'a pile, a removable v driving core therefor, and earth removing devices operatively connected with said core, whereby the motion ofthe core into the earth carries said devices with it, and the motion ofthecore out of theearth causes said devices to engage with'and remove the earth, substantially as described.

13: The combination of a hollow pile,

- movable devices carried thereby and normally positioned "to project forwardly and adapted'to move backwardly and close the pile as the same is driven, substantially as described. a

14. The combination ina pile, of a shell,

a removable driving core, a valve adapted 17. In a pile, the combination of a shell, a

removable core driving a device for remov-' ing the earth anda spring adapted to actuate said devices, substantially as described.

18. The combination of a shell, a removable driving core therefor, a device for closing the bottom of the shell and an operative con nection for said device adapted to be disen-- gaged from the said corewhen said core is near the lowest position and to be engaged therewith when said core is substantially above its lowest position, substantially as described. 1

19. Thecombination of a shell, a removable driving core therefor, a valve for closing the shell, and a tension piece adapted to engage said core during a part of the move- 'ment thereof and close said'valve, substantially as described.

20. The combination of a pile, a ivoted earth-removing device carried there y and ineans on the pile for engaging said device with the earth as the pile descends, substantially as described.

21. The combination of a shell, a removable driving core, earth-removing devices carried by said core, and means to hold said devices in position to remove the earth, substantially as described.

22. The combination of a ile, devices for removing the earth carried thereby, and means carried by said pile and adapted in one position to hold said devices in operative position, substantially-as described.

23. In piling, a longitudinally sectional 1 pile unit provided with a longitudinal filling orifice, substantially as described.

24. In piling, a longitudinally sectional pile core provided with a longitudinal filling orifice, substantially as described.

25. The combination of a longitudinally sectional hollow pile, and a temporary liquid or viscous filling therein, substantially as described.

26. In piling, the combination of a hollow pile anda temporary filling of grout therefor adapted to be dis laeedwhile soft by a ermanent' filling, substantially as described Signed at New York city this 18th day of August, 1905.

FRANK W. SKINNER.

Witnesses:

HENRY V. BROWN. HENRY H. DE Vos. 

